In September 2024 Saxion started research for the development of technologies regarding reinforced concrete 3D printing.
The goal is to build a system that can feed a wire into the deposited layer of concrete to provide reinforcement in the horizontal direction (within printing layers) next to that the project will research the opportunities to provide vertical reinforcements across multiple 3Dprinted layers.
The main caseholder for this project is Creastone, which is looking for a good solution for a 3D printed concrete jacuzzi . With this reinforcement technology the freedom of design remains (to a large extent) while providing the necessary strength and peace of mind offered by a reinforced structure.
Vertico is our second partner in this project. Vertico is specialised in the printing of concrete in large structures. their facility in Eindhoven already made a previous prototype of the Jacuzzi without any reinforcement.
First prototype of non-reinforced Jacuzzi at Vertico
In the project Parametric Foundation Saxion is working together with two Partners, AIP Partners and Falco. The goal of the project is to work out a way to make a foundation as efficient as possible while still being realistically producable.
For Falco, a new modular foundation system has been developed to reduce the weight of a single concrete element from 63kg to 21kg. Multiple 21kg elements can be stacked to achieve the required foundational strength. Using this method the elements are safe to carry for the operators installing the bicycle shed the foundation is intended for.
For AIP Partners a foundation system is being developed that is fully parametric and can be updated for different artworks to be placed on top of it. A visually pleasing organic shape has been found to support the weight of the artwork and combine the role of foundation and pedestal for the artwork.
The current lifting solutions for concrete are made with prefab elements. When compared to the forms, possible to make with 3D concrete printing, the lifting systems out there are rather conservative and meet the reality of this new technology only to a limited extent.
The project is aimed at the development of a new system (or anchor) suitable for 3D concrete prints. The research will be completed in 4 phases:
1) inventory and update the List of Requirements 2) development of concepts and prototypes 3) test phase, in which the prototypes are run through in accordance with the applicable requirements 4) closure
Cement is the component in concrete that causes the mixture to harden into a stone-like material when water is added. Portland cement is the traditional type used. Due to the robustness of the cured concrete, simplicity of use, and versatile applications, concrete is a very widely used building material.
However, the production and processing of concrete cause as much as 6% of the global CO2 emissions (Abergel, 2019). In order to comply with the Raw Materials Agreement (IenW, 2017), an important strategy is to use new recipes to use concrete with lower CO2 emissions combined with 3D printing for material reduction.
The advantage of 3D printing is that material is applied is provided where necessary. This makes the processing material-efficient compared to concrete poured into the formwork. At the same time, 3D concrete printing requires a delicate composition of the recipe: It must be fluid enough to allow movement from the mixer to the print head, but at the same time cure sufficiently fast to be able to bond to the next layer.
Within the previous projects, the mixes used were based on conventional cement (Portland and blast furnace cement). However, a more sustainable trajectory of development would be to switch to lower CO2 emissions recipes.
After the innovation demand by Rouwmaat, Ecocem‘s Low-CO2 cement recipe was made available so that research can be done together with the ID research group to answer the question:
How variations in the mix of low-carbon concrete can be combined with 3D printing and casting to obtain desired product properties?
Creastone produces outdoor ornaments, such as a water fountain sphere. As a case study, copies of one or a few products will be made by means of 3D printing. The advantage of this approach is that product properties such as strength, water permeability, bearing capacity, density, and environmental costs can be compared with the performance of the existing product produced by casting in a mold.
The big boys in 3D concrete printing (Bruil, Cybe, Witteveen + Bos, BAM and more) profile themselves with a lot of publicity with “the first printed house”, “the first serial project” and “the first 3D printed bridge”. However, if you take a closer look at this, entire parts of the house are delivered in traditional prefabrication (floors) and reinforcement is done in the traditional way (bridge). Are these the innovative breakthrough applications that this challenging technology promises us? With regard to the technology of 3D concrete printing, steps have been made in the last 4-5 years, but the development of the application is lagging behind.
In recent years, the Saxion research group ID also has explored 3D concrete printing together with a number of partners. 3D concrete printing was so new that in the RAAKmkb project KONKREET – due to the lack of usable existing equipment – we realized a working printer, a good recipe, and a number of applications from scratch.
Now that the printing technique has been somewhat mastered and the first companies with commercial 3D concrete printers have entered the market, a shift is needed from focus on technology development to the development of 3D concrete printing applications. Technologically there is still a lot to be researched, but the applications should be leading in this. Without challenging and cost-interesting applications, the development of 3D concrete printing has no future. But how do we find that application? In recent years there has also been a real search for relevant applications and the discovery of a new way of thinking and designing.
The big challenge for SMEs lies in finding interesting applications. When is it interesting for me as a company?
In this project, a broad consortium with parties from the entire construction chain – contractors, architects, raw material suppliers – but also network partners, design offices, and potential users aims to find a solution for the demand for interesting applications of 3D concrete printing. To this end, we are investigating a selection method and redesign method for application-oriented design in 3D printing technology, with corresponding business case (s).
Planning (WP = Work Package)
Researchmethodology
When answering the research question, but especially for the development of both the selection method and the (re) design tooling, a systematic approach is used based on the Delft Innovation Model (DIM). Good experience has previously been gained with this approach in the development of the 3D metal print selection tool and the Innovative Materials Platform Twente, where promising new applications with innovative materials were sought.
Analogous to the DIM model, the possibilities (the “strengths”) of a material are linked to possible applications/markets (the “opportunities”) to generate (product) ideas. In the next phase, the technological possibilities are linked to the needs of the user/market in a product concept. It is an iterative process in which with each iteration an improvement is made in the selection method and the (re) design tooling.
Selection method
3D concrete printing is exciting but when does it become profitable to use and for what?
Within Konkreter we are developing, together with our partners, a selection method that could help companies identify new potential applications, business cases, and markets for the technology.
Within three assisted sessions, businesses can internally analyze areas of interest and potential new products or re-design of the existing portfolios.
The sessions are conducted with the help of cards combining current trends with perks of the technology. This way the participants are invited to think outside the context of their own and the company background.
Cases
Staircase
For printing a concrete staircase, reinforcement is almost always required. Within this case, it was investigated which reinforcement techniques can be applied within the printing process that is also suitable for implementation in a staircase. In addition to arming a staircase, we looked at which shapes could be interesting for 3D print.
By printing the stairs, other shapes are possible than when casting a staircase. One of the concepts found to be interesting for the project partners is a spiral staircase. The first prototypes showcased how with 3D concrete printing each step can be a slightly different shape without complicating the production process. The first results contained 4x less concrete in comparison to traditionally casted ones.
Further developments resulted in a parametric model of a spiral staircase, 3D printed it in the Saxion 3D concrete print lab and our team conducted a pressure test at the Mechanical lab of the Production technology group Universiteit Twente to evaluate the stairsteps.
According to NEN-EN-1991-1-1, a staircase for an office location must withstand a point pressure point of 4,5kN (including the safety factor). The results show a consistent performance at started to collapse at 6kN. This brings more confidence in the design and manufacturing method and therefore 3D concrete printed stairs are one step closer to real-life application. With parametric design a staircase can be made to fit almost any setting, the client wishes all while being responsive to last-minute changes.
We believe 3D concrete printing shouldn’t stay in the lab and we’re very excited to work towards implementing our designs in the real building setting! Several concepts were developed for office and living settings.
Hot tub
Creastone specializes in hand-made water ornaments for the garden. The signature sphere is offered in fixed sizes and can be combined with a fountain, fire, lighting, and greenery.
3D concrete printing in combination with parametric modeling offers great flexibility in terms of product dimensions and textures. The first 3D printing experiments were done in our Saxion 3D Concrete Printing lab. Two sphere sizes (60 cm & 90 cm diameter) were printed successfully and various techniques were explored to get the beveled edge on the inside of the sphere.
60 cm diameter at 6 mm layer height:
Edge printing over a 3D printed mold & over a robotically sand-formed mold. Exploration of hybrid printing over partial molds:
The available space within the Saxion’s concrete lab allowed for a scale-up of the design up to a 90 cm sphere. The object was printed up-side-down and clay balls were used to support the inside of the structure. The sphere was printed successfully over a sandbed mold for the beveled edge.
90 cm diameter at 8mm layer height:
Water feature + jacuzzi?? Why not? The signature sphere from Crastone could also be offered as a hot tub or a jacuzzi if scaled up. And this was the new challenge ahead.
With the know-how from the smaller scale prints, we prepared a 150cm diameter sphere with an irregular slicing strategy. This time the sphere would be printed from the bottom up and the layers would be thinner at the front and thicker at the back by regulating the print speed. The larger print required a larger printing set-up as well. Our partners at Vertico were able to help here with a larger reach of a robot and a 2-component nozzle. Make sure to check the video below!
175 cm diameter (print at Vertico):
And it works!
Fish ladder / Dam
Collaboration with TAM
Designed in the Netherlands, 3D printed in Canada! Digital fabrication knows no borders. The first parametric fish ladder design was produced successfully by our partners at Twente Additive Manufacturing.
Fish ladders (vispassages) are structures built along obstructed waterways to facilitate the natural migration patterns of various species of fish. But as each location is unique, so should be the design and the production strategy.
Parametric modeling allows us to iterate design choices to fit specific environments (such as the 3D scanned data from Canada), resulting in highly customized solutions. At the same time, 3D concrete printing allows for the production of unique elements at no added cost.
Our partners at Twente Additive Manufacturing (TAM) not only printed flawlessly but also placed the first few prints on location to test the water flow and installation method. The design here uses a concrete shell and a vernacular material or the filling.
Collaboration with TWW
A parallel development under the topic of water infrastructure was done in collaboration with TWW (Twentse Weg- en Waterbouw). The dam was intended for a riverside on the terrain of Lankheet with a requirement to manage a water elevation of 80 cm. A brainstorm session with TWW and Lankheet estate representatives was conducted as well as several co-design moments. This lead to three main concepts out of which one final design was developed with main focus on hydrodynamics, printability, aesthetitcs and installation.
The final design was segmented and prepared for 3d print in Saxion’s concrete lab. The different pieces were assembled and glued together by the team.
The dam was printed and assembled at Saxion’s concrete lab. The result was a structure of 2.2m length, 1.3m height, and 1.5m depth with a total weight of 1.5 tonnes.Green pigment was added irregularly to create a pattern. The impressive structure was prepared for transport by adding reinforcement at the bottom two channels. This way, 3D printing and casting of concrete were combined.
A custom-made U-profile was installed as a slot for 4 planks. By adding and removing the planks, the water level gets adjusted.
The dam was picked up and installed on location by TWW.
Selection Method: study cases
After a 3-part session with TWW using the selection method, two specific cases surfaced as potential developments for 3D concrete printing.
1) Dam profile
The top of dam profiles in streams and rivers rot (relatively) quickly. This is because they get from wet to dry and vice versa quite often. Wood as a material is not suitable for such a situation but it is currently used due to the ease of handling. The piece that is always under water or always remains above water does not have this problem so the focus of this research was on printing an element to be placed at the critical level. Here, various texturing, as well as function integration, were explored in the designs.
2) Manhole
Manholes are essential for underground structures. In the common case, these objects are made by casting concrete in a fixed mold. The interesting thing about this type of product is that it is not always possible to say with 100% certainty in advance whether the product will fit (8 out of 10 times it goes well, according to expert experience). This is mainly due to the fact that you can actually only look in advance at the drawings that are known, if there is an error in these drawings, it immediately goes wrong when placing. The most challenging part is printing the openings for the pipes as they are a perfect circle, quite difficult to achieve. To tackle this challenge, a non-planar slicing strategy was used as well as adding an “eye” element on both sides of the hole.
The concept was further developed as a joint of 3 pipes, at different orientations and positions. The “eye” element was also used here. The pipes were laid during printing over pre-allocated holders.
Saxion’s Industrial Design research group offers companies knowledge and practice-oriented research for the development of innovative products and services. At us, technological possibilities are integrated to answer people’s needs.
The world is constantly changing, giving rise to new social and personal questions. At the same time, a great variety of new technologies are becoming accessible. How does one use this to design meaningful and socially relevant products?
With our team of researchers, designers, and teachers, we work together with companies and students from various disciplines on practice-oriented research. In this way, we create relevant applicable knowledge, sustainable solutions, and smart designs
Arie Paul van den Beukel
Professor Applied Sciences (lector) for Industrial Design
Applied research is a methodology used to solve a specific, practical issue affecting an individual or group. For example, while fundamental research focuses on investigating the underlying principles of a new technology, applied research is dedicated to identifying how can this new technology improve current means of use, work and production. The applied approach often includes iterations of concepts and products based on trial and error principle as well as involving the target groups at every stage of the design process.
Within Saxion Research Group Industrial Design we work with a variety of companies from the Netherlands towards finding innovative solutions to current problems as well as investigating potential of new methodologies and techniques.
Working with students is an essential part of our projects. We offer internship and graduation positions within almost every projects we work on in both Dutch and English language. For full list of current openings, please follow this link.
In December 2020, we welcomed Trudy in our research team! Who is she you wonder? Well, Trudy is an ABB IRB 4600-45/2.05 robot who is greatly expanding the 3D printing capabilities of the research group. The 6-axis robot is able to achieve the production of complex geometries, intricate textures and challenging product ideas.
If you are interested in vising our facilities, taking part of a 3D concrete printing workshop, doing your internship/ graduation thesis or just want to learn more about the technology, do not hesitate to contact us!
Not to foget where we started from, our 3D concrete printing set-up was of a small scale ideal for research purposes. It consisted of our own lab which with 4 sub-spaces : main storage room, dry mixing room, wet mixing area and printing area.
The print volume of our printer was ~0,7 cubic meters but now, Trudy has taken things in her hands and is rocking space 5 times bigger!
Concrete printing offers many new possibilities in the field of production and material, but requires large investments in knowledge and resources from SMEs and startups to get started. Slicer software in particular, which converts 3D models into printer code, is a bottleneck because these are only available commercially and printer-specifically.
In this project Saxion, Vertico and White Lioness want to investigate the feasibility of free open source slicer software that is offered as a cloud service. This solution makes concrete printing accessible for more innovative applications from SMEs and startups, and forms a platform for collecting and sharing knowledge in the field of concrete printing.
3D concrete print at Saxion 